bibliographie

Rubrique bibliographie
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    2. Ford H. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Clin Med. 2020 Jul;20(4):380–3.
    3. Weidauer S, Raab P, Hattingen E. Diagnostic approach in multiple sclerosis with MRI: an update. Clin Imaging. 2021 Oct;78:276–85.
    4. Gelfand JM. Multiple sclerosis. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology [Internet]. Elsevier; 2014 [cited 2025 May 14]. p. 269–90. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978044452001200011X
    5. Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects. Neuroimaging Clin. 2017;27(2):195–204.
    6. Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnoses and cell-based therapy. Cell J Yakhteh. 2016;19(1):1.
    7. Brownlee WJ, Hardy TA, Fazekas F, Miller DH. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges. The Lancet. 2017 Apr;389(10076):1336–46.
    8. Miller AE, Coyle PK. Clinical features of multiple sclerosis. Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2004;10(6):38–73.
    9. Filippi M, Preziosa P, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Ciccarelli O, De Stefano N, et al. Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines. Brain. 2019 Jul 1;142(7):1858–75.
    10. Ouallet JC, Brochet B. Aspects cliniques, physiopathologiques, et thérapeutiques de la sclérose en plaques. EMC – Neurol. 2004 Oct;1(4):415–57.
    11. Kwiatkowski A. Actualisation des aspects cliniques et des critères diagnostiques de la sclérose en plaques. Prat Neurol – FMC. 2019 Apr;10(2):118–25.
    12. Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018;31(6):752–9.
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    15. Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sørensen PS, Thompson AJ, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014 Jul 15;83(3):278–86.
    16. Ford H. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Clin Med. 2020 Jul;20(4):380–3.
    17. Ouallet JC, Brochet B. Aspects cliniques, physiopathologiques, et thérapeutiques de la sclérose en plaques. EMC – Neurol. 2004 Oct;1(4):415–57.
    18. Filippi M, Preziosa P, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Ciccarelli O, De Stefano N, et al. Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines. Brain. 2019;142(7):1858–75.
    19. Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS, Banwell B, de Stefano N, Enzinger C, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS–CMSC–NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(8):653–70.
    20. Barbeau-Meunier CA. Analyse IRM quantitative du système cérébro-vasculaire dans la sclérose en plaques. 2024;
    21. Maggi P, Absinta M, Grammatico M, Vuolo L, Emmi G, Carlucci G, et al. Central vein sign differentiates Multiple Sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies. Ann Neurol. 2018 Feb;83(2):283–94.
    22. Reimer P, Parizel PM, Stichnoth FA. Clinical MR imaging: a practical approach. 2nd, completely rev. and updated ed ed. Berlin: Springer; 2006.
    23. Rocca MA, Preziosa P, Barkhof F, Brownlee W, Calabrese M, De Stefano N, et al. Current and future role of MRI in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Reg Heal. 2024;44.
    24. Cairns J, Vavasour IM, Traboulsee A, Carruthers R, Kolind SH, Li DKB, et al. Diffusely abnormal white matter in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2022 Jan;32(1):5–16.
    25. Sinnecker T, Clarke MA, Meier D, Enzinger C, Calabrese M, De Stefano N, et al. Evaluation of the Central Vein Sign as a Diagnostic Imaging Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Dec 1;76(12):1446.
    26. Vertinsky AT, Li DK, Vavasour IM, Miropolsky V, Zhao G, Zhao Y, et al. Diffusely abnormal white matter, T2 burden of disease, and brain volume in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2019;29(1):151–9.
    27. Héran F, Lafitte F. IRM pratique en neuroradiologie. 2e éd. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier-Masson; 2013. (Imagerie médicale, pratique).
    28. Etemadifar M, Ashourizadeh H, Nouri H, Kargaran PK, Salari M, Rayani M, et al. MRI signs of CNS demyelinating diseases. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;47:102665.
    29. Yehouenou Tessi RT, Oze RK, Jiddane M, Touarsa F. Multiple Sclerosis–Specific Sign: Ependymal Dot–Dash Sign/Dawson Fingers/Central Vein Sign. Ann Intern Med Clin Cases. 2024;3(3):e230298.
    30. Lisanti CJ, Asbach P, Bradley WG. The ependymal “Dot-dash” sign: an MR imaging finding of early multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(8):2033–6.
    31. Calvi A, Clarke MA, Prados F, Chard D, Ciccarelli O, Alberich M, et al. Relationship between paramagnetic rim lesions and slowly expanding lesions in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2023 Mar;29(3):352–62.
    32. Holmes RD, Vavasour IM, Greenfield J, Zhao G, Lee JS, Moore GW, et al. Nonlesional diffusely abnormal appearing white matter in clinically isolated syndrome: Prevalence, association with clinical and MRI features, and risk for conversion to multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2021;31(5):981–94.
    33. Maggi P, Absinta M, Grammatico M, Vuolo L, Emmi G, Carlucci G, et al. Central vein sign differentiates Multiple Sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies. Ann Neurol. 2018 Feb;83(2):283–94.
    34. Meaton I, Altokhis A, Allen CM, Clarke MA, Sinnecker T, Meier D, et al. Paramagnetic rims are a promising diagnostic imaging biomarker in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2022 Dec;28(14):2212–20.
    35. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Feb;17(2):162–73.
    36. Krajnc N, Föttinger F, Ponleitner M, Kornek B, Leutmezer F, Macher S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of inter-eye difference of ganglion cell layer alone in identifying optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2025 Apr 22;13524585251332895.
    37. Solomon AJ, Naismith RT, Cross AH. Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Impact of the 2017 McDonald criteria on clinical practice. Neurology. 2019 Jan;92(1):26–33.
    38. Konen FF, Wurster U, Schwenkenbecher P, Gerritzen A, Groß CC, Eichhorn P, et al. Oligoclonal bands and kappa free light chains: Competing parameters or complementary biomarkers? Autoimmun Rev. 2025 Apr;24(5):103765.
    39. Montalban, Xavier. Revisions of the mcdonald criteria. In 2024. p. 18–20. Available from: https://ectrims.eu/mcdonald-diagnostic-criteria
    40. Levraut M, Landes-Chateau C, Mondot L, Cohen M, Lebrun-Frenay C. The Kappa Free Light Chains Index and Central Vein Sign: Two New Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis. Neurol Ther. 2025 Jun;14(3):711–31.
    41. Solomon AJ, Naismith RT, Cross AH. Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Impact of the 2017 McDonald criteria on clinical practice. Neurology. 2019 Jan;92(1):26–33.
    42. De Seze J. Sclérose en plaques : aspects cliniques, encéphalomyélites aiguës disséminées, neuromyélites optiques et variantes inflammatoires. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2007 Jun;163(6–7):647–50.
    43. Dutra BG, Da Rocha AJ, Nunes RH, Maia ACM. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: Spectrum of MR Imaging Findings and Their Differential Diagnosis. RadioGraphics. 2018 Jan;38(1):169–93.
    44. Sechi E, Cacciaguerra L, Chen JJ, Mariotto S, Fadda G, Dinoto A, et al. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD): A Review of Clinical and MRI Features, Diagnosis, and Management. Front Neurol. 2022 Jun 17;13:885218.
    45. Sahraian MA, Radue E ‐W., Eshaghi A, Besliu S, Minagar A. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a review of the neuroimaging features and differential diagnosis. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Aug;19(8):1060–9.
    46. Shah R, Bag AK, Chapman PR, Curé JK. Imaging manifestations of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clin Radiol. 2010 Jun;65(6):431–9.
    47. Rocha AJD, Littig IA, Nunes RH, Tilbery CP. Central nervous system infectious diseases mimicking multiple sclerosis: recognizing distinguishable features using MRI. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013 Sep;71(9B):738–46.
    48. Borhani-Haghighi A, Kardeh B, Banerjee S, Yadollahikhales G, Safari A, Sahraian MA, et al. Neuro-Behcet’s disease: An update on diagnosis, differential diagnoses, and treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Apr;39:101906.
    49. Noel N, Drier A, Wechsler B, Piette JC, De Paz R, Dormont D, et al. Manifestations neurologiques de la maladie de Behçet. Rev Médecine Interne. 2014 Feb;35(2):112–20.
    50. Gelfand JM. Multiple sclerosis. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology [Internet]. Elsevier; 2014 [cited 2025 May 14]. p. 269–90. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978044452001200011X
    51. Buzzard KA, Reddel SW, Yiannikas C, Sean Riminton D, Barnett MH, Hardy TA. Distinguishing Susac’s syndrome from multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2015 Jul;262(7):1613–21.
    52. Triplett JD, Qiu J, O’Brien B, Gopinath S, Trewin B, Spring PJ, et al. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and misdiagnosis of Susac syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Jun;29(6):1771–81.
    53. Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS, Banwell B, De Stefano N, Enzinger C, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS–CMSC–NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):653–70.
    54. Traboulsee A, Simon JH, Stone L, Fisher E, Jones DE, Malhotra A, et al. Revised Recommendations of the Consortium of MS Centers Task Force for a Standardized MRI Protocol and Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Multiple Sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Mar;37(3):394–401.
    55. Tur C, Moccia M, Barkhof F, Chataway J, Sastre-Garriga J, Thompson AJ, et al. Assessing treatment outcomes in multiple sclerosis trials and in the clinical setting. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018 Feb;14(2):75–93.
    56. on behalf of the MAGNIMS study group, Sastre-Garriga J, Pareto D, Battaglini M, Rocca MA, Ciccarelli O, et al. MAGNIMS consensus recommendations on the use of brain and spinal cord atrophy measures in clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020 Mar;16(3):171–82.
    57. Brisset JC, Kremer S, Hannoun S, Bonneville F, Durand-Dubief F, Tourdias T, et al. New OFSEP recommendations for MRI assessment of multiple sclerosis patients: Special consideration for gadolinium deposition and frequent acquisitions. J Neuroradiol. 2020 Jun;47(4):250–8.
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    59. Kaunzner UW, Gauthier SA. MRI in the assessment and monitoring of multiple sclerosis: an update on best practice. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2017 Jun;10(6):247–61.